Byzantine Iconoclasm: 禁止偶像崇拜，在皇室與教會的支持下，拜占庭帝國頒布禁止偶像崇拜的命令；不可以有任何宗教上的圖像、畫像、面孔。希臘文裡的Iconoclsm就是“image-breaking"的意思，基於政治上、法制上、與宗教激情上的鼓動，Iconoclsm就是對於其文化宗教內的圖像、畫像、面孔、或符號，作刻意的毀滅、與禁止。而遵守Iconclsm的人也非常反對既定的教條，或陳腐的習俗。
Psalter with Christ praying and with the Crucifixion and an iconoclast反對禁止偶像崇拜禁令的人，在聖經書上畫下了這幅圖，"They gave me gall to eat; and when I was thirsty they gave me vinegar to drink"他們餵我吃苦膽，口渴時讓我喝酸醋。圖中一位羅馬士兵用刀刮十字架上教徒的手臂，另一位在另一邊綁有棉布的長棍，沾著苦膽嘟像受難者的嘴邊。最前面的基督教士，手上拿著的長棍最前端是有耶穌畫像的大片海綿，用來浸沾酸醋。
ICONOCLASM
Despite the veneration of holy portraits in Early Byzantine devotional art, a debate raged for centuries on how best to decorate the great churches of Byzantium. In the eighth century, Emperor Leo III (r.717–41) started a regime of iconoclasm, or ‘image-breaking’, outlawing the production and worship of icons and forbidding images of Christ, the Virgin or the Saints. The iconoclasts felt that the depiction and worship of any figures in a House of God was akin to the creation of graven images, expressly forbidden by the Second Commandment. Holy images had also begun to be used in unorthodox ways, appearing as decorations on everyday household items like bowls and plates. In retaliation, some iconophiles called Leo ‘the Saracen-minded’, linking him to the invading Arabs whose Muslim faith also forbade the depiction of the human figure. Muslim artists created arabesques, flowing and intertwined lace-like lines, to decorate mosques and books of the Koran. Iconoclasm enjoyed two spells of dominance, the first from 730–87 and the second from 814–42.
The Khludov Psalter is a ninth-century iconophile book attacking in its pictures the practices of the iconoclasts. Christian manuscripts were revered by the iconophiles for housing the ‘Word of God’, and their lavish illustration paid him respect. This page from the Khludov Psalter depicts Christ on the cross, his side being cut with a lance by one Roman soldier. The other dabs his face with a sponge of vinegar attached to a long pole, and an inscription reads, ‘They mixed vinegar and gall’. To the left of this scene a wild-haired iconoclast whitewashes an icon of Christ on a wall, alongside the inscription, ‘Iconoclasts mixed water and lime on his face’. Few icons from the Early Byzantine period have survived, but there are some rare examples in this exhibition. Many were undoubtedly destroyed during the iconoclastic period.
是一種過分迷信的思想作祟，堅決的認定耶穌基督神性與肉體的不可分離，當然所有神像的重製都是邪惡的想像，既無法代表真正的耶穌基督，還把對神的意相空洞化了，當然這也就是侮辱了神與耶穌基督。
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